Vintage Alpha Phi Alpha Gear & More!


Vintage Alpha Phi Alpha Gear & More!

Items associated with Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated, that are from a previous era fall under the designation of collectible or antique. These items range from clothing and paraphernalia to documents and photographs. For example, a line jacket from the 1950s or a convention program from the early 20th century would qualify.

The value of such items lies in their connection to the fraternity’s rich history, representing its ideals and contributions over time. They provide tangible links to the organization’s legacy, serving as important artifacts for members, historians, and collectors alike. Often, these objects reflect the evolving cultural and social context within which the fraternity operated.

The subsequent sections will delve into specific categories of these historically significant items, explore their relevance within the fraternity’s narrative, and examine factors that influence their desirability and value in the collector’s market.

1. Historical Significance

A faded photograph surfaces. It depicts a group of Alpha men, faces sharp with purpose, gathered at a civil rights march in the 1960s. The image is undeniably “alpha phi alpha vintage,” but its true essence lies beyond its age. The photograph represents historical significance solidified in time. Without this context, it is merely an old picture. With it, it becomes a testament to the fraternity’s unwavering commitment to social justice, a commitment that defined an era. The historical context transforms the “vintage” object into a tangible link to a pivotal moment.

The value of a line jacket from the early 20th century similarly transcends its materiality. It embodies the challenges and triumphs of early Black Greek Letter Organizations, navigating a landscape of racial segregation and discrimination. Each stitch, each worn button tells a story of resilience and perseverance. Understanding this historical backdrop is crucial. It allows one to appreciate the jacket not as mere clothing but as a symbol of triumph over adversity. Without this historical depth, the “vintage” object loses its resonance, becoming a relic stripped of its true meaning.

The preservation of these “alpha phi alpha vintage” items is, therefore, not merely about collecting old objects. Its about safeguarding historical narratives, ensuring that future generations understand the fraternity’s foundational principles and its role in shaping the American landscape. Challenges exist. Fading documents, lost histories, and the ravages of time threaten to erase these tangible links. Yet, through diligent preservation and historical understanding, the fraternity’s legacy endures, transforming each “vintage” item into a powerful tool for education and inspiration.

2. Fraternity Legacy

The fraternity’s legacy, etched in time, finds tangible form in items deemed “alpha phi alpha vintage.” These are more than mere artifacts; they are vessels carrying the spirit of generations past, each thread and inscription whispering tales of dedication, struggle, and triumph. They are touchstones to a heritage that continues to inspire.

  • The Oral Tradition Embodied

    Stories, passed down through generations, often find their anchors in “alpha phi alpha vintage” items. A worn gavel, for instance, used by a chapter’s founder, becomes a physical reminder of his vision and leadership. This tangible link reinforces the oral tradition, ensuring that the founder’s ideals continue to shape the chapter’s direction. The vintage gavel symbolizes continuity, a promise to uphold the standards set by those who came before.

  • Symbols of Social Justice

    Vintage protest signs or pamphlets from the Civil Rights era, emblazoned with Alpha Phi Alpha’s insignia, illustrate the fraternity’s historical commitment to social justice. These items serve as powerful reminders of the sacrifices made and the battles fought. They remind current members of their responsibility to carry the torch of equality and justice, connecting them directly to the fraternity’s legacy of activism.

  • The Preservation of Ritual

    Fraternity rituals, steeped in tradition, often involve specific items that, over time, become “alpha phi alpha vintage.” A ceremonial robe, a pledge manual, or a songbook used in initiation ceremonies becomes infused with meaning. These items embody the fraternity’s values and beliefs, serving as a tangible link to the past and a reminder of the solemn oaths taken by each member. The preservation of these items ensures the continuity of ritual and the transmission of core values.

  • Architectural Footprints

    A cornerstone, a plaque, or architectural plans marking the location of a chapter’s original house are, in essence, “alpha phi alpha vintage” items. These details embody the fraternity’s values and beliefs, serving as a tangible link to the past and a reminder of the solemn oaths taken by each member. The preservation of these items ensures the continuity of ritual and the transmission of core values.

From cornerstones to ceremonial robes, the fraternity’s legacy finds expression in the tangible realm of “alpha phi alpha vintage.” These items are not just relics of the past; they are active participants in shaping the present and guiding the future, ensuring that the ideals of brotherhood, scholarship, and service continue to resonate through the generations.

3. Collectibility

An old, leather-bound membership ledger lay open, its pages filled with names penned in elegant script. Each name represented a man, a story, a chapter in the fraternity’s unfolding narrative. This wasnt just a record; it was “alpha phi alpha vintage,” and its collectibility stemmed from the historical echoes resonating within its brittle pages. The cause: a desire to possess a piece of history. The effect: the ledger became a sought-after item, a tangible link to the fraternity’s origins. The importance of collectibility, in this context, rested on its ability to preserve and share these historical fragments. Real-life examples abound: early line jackets commanding high prices, convention programs becoming prized possessions, each artifact a testament to the enduring appeal of the fraternity’s past. The practical significance? Understanding this collectibility allows for informed stewardship of these items, ensuring their preservation for future generations.

Consider the case of a complete set of The Sphinx magazine, spanning decades. Individually, the magazines held information about fraternity events, achievements, and perspectives. As a complete collection, it became a powerful tool for understanding the fraternity’s evolution over time. Its collectibility was driven by the rarity of a complete set and the comprehensive insight it offered. This translates into increased value, but more importantly, it highlights the potential for scholarship and education. Understanding the factors driving collectibility rarity, condition, historical significance enables the fraternity to manage its archives more effectively, prioritizing preservation and accessibility.

The allure of “alpha phi alpha vintage” collectibility extends beyond mere monetary value. It touches on the deep human need to connect with the past, to understand the journey that has shaped the present. Challenges remain: identifying, authenticating, and preserving these items requires expertise and resources. However, the rewards are significant. By embracing the collectibility of its vintage artifacts, the fraternity safeguards its legacy, ensuring that the stories of those who came before continue to inspire and guide those who will follow. The “alpha phi alpha vintage” becomes a timeless embodiment of a brotherhood that transcends generations.

4. Material Culture

The hushed reverence in the archives was palpable. Sunlight, filtered through the ancient windows, illuminated rows of artifacts: faded banners, worn gavels, photographs bleached by time. These objects, collectively, represented “alpha phi alpha vintage,” but they were more than just old things. They were elements of material culture, tangible expressions of the fraternity’s values, beliefs, and experiences. A battered suitcase, for instance, bore the faded travel stickers of countless conventions, silently narrating decades of brotherhood and shared purpose. Its condition, worn but intact, spoke of resilience and enduring connection, embodying the fraternity’s commitment to unity across geographical boundaries. Without understanding this material culture, “alpha phi alpha vintage” reduces to mere antique; with it, each item becomes a chapter in the fraternity’s story. Cause and effect were intertwined: the fraternity’s activities created the objects, and the objects, in turn, shaped the fraternity’s identity.

Consider the significance of line jackets, each generation imprinting its unique style and symbolism upon them. These jackets were not merely garments; they were badges of honor, testaments to the grueling process of pledging, and symbols of belonging. They offered insight into the social climate of their respective eras, reflecting changing fashion trends, evolving ideals of masculinity, and the specific challenges faced by Black men in different decades. Analyzing these line jackets through the lens of material culture allowed for a deeper understanding of the pledge process, the nature of brotherhood, and the fraternity’s adaptation to changing social contexts. The practical application of this understanding lies in its ability to inform contemporary discussions about fraternity culture, promoting responsible membership and fostering a deeper appreciation for the organization’s history.

The preservation of “alpha phi alpha vintage” material culture, therefore, becomes a crucial task. Not simply for the sake of preserving old objects, but for safeguarding the narratives they embody. The challenge lies in interpreting these artifacts, extracting their stories, and making them accessible to current and future generations. This requires a concerted effort to document, catalog, and contextualize these items, ensuring that they are understood not as isolated relics, but as integral components of the fraternity’s enduring legacy. The true value of “alpha phi alpha vintage” resides not in its monetary worth, but in its ability to connect us to the past, illuminate the present, and inspire the future.

5. Symbolic Value

A worn pin, bearing the fraternity crest and the year of initiation, sat nestled in a velvet-lined case. It seemed a simple object, easily dismissed as a trinket from the past. However, its true worth was not measured in metal or jewels, but in symbolic value, an essence magnified by its “alpha phi alpha vintage.” It represented more than membership; it embodied commitment, scholarship, and the ideals of the brotherhood. The very act of wearing it had been a statement, a declaration of allegiance to a legacy of service. The symbolic value, amplified by the passage of time, transformed this humble pin into a potent reminder of the fraternity’s core principles. Without this understanding, the “vintage” pin became a meaningless piece of metal; with it, it echoed with stories of accomplishment and aspiration. The symbolic intent driving its creation caused the creation of fraternity tradition. Its impact transformed from simple metal into a physical manifestation of lasting commitment.

Consider an early edition of the fraternity’s constitution and bylaws. The document itself, yellowed and brittle, held little intrinsic value. However, within its pages lay the foundation of the organization, the principles that guided its actions, and the aspirations that fueled its growth. Each article, each clause, was a testament to the founders’ vision, their commitment to uplifting the Black community, and their unwavering belief in the power of education. This symbolic value, enshrined within the “alpha phi alpha vintage” document, served as a guidepost for future generations. It dictated policy, influenced decision-making, and shaped the fraternity’s identity. The importance of recognizing this symbolic weight lay in its ability to connect contemporary members to the foundational ideals upon which the organization was built. An understanding of such values shapes current discussions on the fraternity’s role in today’s world, offering a framework for addressing contemporary challenges while remaining true to its historical roots.

Understanding the symbolic value inherent in “alpha phi alpha vintage” requires more than just identifying old objects. It demands a deep engagement with the fraternity’s history, a careful examination of its principles, and a sincere appreciation for the sacrifices and achievements of those who came before. The challenges lie in preserving this symbolic meaning, ensuring that it is not lost amidst the accumulation of time and the distractions of modern life. However, the rewards are substantial. By recognizing and celebrating the symbolic value of its vintage artifacts, the fraternity reinforces its identity, strengthens its bonds, and inspires its members to live up to the ideals upon which it was founded, transforming mere objects into powerful symbols of enduring brotherhood.

6. Rarity & Condition

The auctioneer’s voice echoed through the crowded hall. Before them rested a faded pamphlet, its edges frayed, its pages foxed with age. It was a program from Alpha Phi Alpha’s 1919 national convention, a seemingly insignificant piece of paper. However, its “alpha phi alpha vintage,” combined with its remarkable rarityfew copies survived the centuryand its relatively good condition for its age, transformed it into a highly coveted item. The cause: its scarcity and preservation. The effect: a bidding war erupted, driving the price far beyond its nominal value. The importance of rarity and condition, in this instance, was undeniable. It elevated the pamphlet from a historical footnote to a valuable artifact, a tangible link to a specific moment in the fraternity’s past. Real-life examples, repeated across countless auctions and private sales, underscored this point: the fewer surviving examples and the better the state of preservation, the greater the premium commanded by these vintage artifacts. The practical significance? It underscores the importance of careful stewardship and preservation of such items, transforming them from historical curiosities to valuable assets.

Conversely, consider a common line jacket, mass-produced in the 1990s, bearing the fraternity’s colors and symbols. While undeniably “alpha phi alpha vintage” by virtue of its age, its widespread availability and its less-than-pristine condition diminished its value. Stains, tears, and fading further eroded its appeal, relegating it to the realm of nostalgic memorabilia rather than a prized collectible. The condition directly impacted its desirability. Even if rare, poor preservation could tank the value as well. It would not matter if they were rare, as the degraded conditions would cause there to be a decline in purchase interest. This highlights a crucial point: rarity alone does not guarantee value; condition is equally important. Items that are both rare and well-preserved represent the pinnacle of collectibility, offering a tangible link to the past that is both scarce and in excellent form.

The pursuit of “alpha phi alpha vintage” is, therefore, a delicate balancing act, weighing rarity against condition. Challenges persist: accurately assessing rarity requires extensive research and historical knowledge, while determining condition necessitates expert appraisal and careful examination. The allure of potentially valuable artifacts must be tempered with a realistic assessment of their true worth. By understanding the interplay between rarity and condition, collectors and institutions can make informed decisions, ensuring that the most significant and well-preserved pieces of the fraternity’s history are protected and celebrated for generations to come. This also means teaching members and their families the importance of preservation.

7. Oral Traditions

Within the fraternity, spoken narratives serve as the lifeblood, carrying stories of triumph, perseverance, and brotherhood across generations. These traditions, passed down through word of mouth, find their echoes and tangible anchors in “alpha phi alpha vintage.” The items themselves become not just artifacts but vessels holding the very essence of these shared experiences.

  • The Chapter Founder’s Cane

    A gnarled cane, worn smooth by years of handling, sat prominently displayed in the chapter house. It was said to have belonged to the chapter’s founder, a man who fought tirelessly to establish a foothold for Alpha men on a hostile campus. The cane wasn’t merely a walking aid; it was a symbol of his strength, his resolve, and his unwavering dedication. Oral tradition held that on particularly difficult days, subsequent chapter presidents would hold the cane, drawing inspiration from the founder’s spirit, ensuring that the legacy of resilience continued to guide their actions. The “alpha phi alpha vintage” cane, therefore, became a tangible reminder of the spoken stories, the embodiment of the founder’s unwavering spirit.

  • The Pledge Manual’s Marginalia

    Old pledge manuals, passed surreptitiously from line to line, often contained handwritten notes, annotations, and personal reflections from previous pledges. These additions, scrawled in ink faded by time, offered a glimpse into the challenges and triumphs of past generations. Oral tradition supplemented these written notes, adding context and depth to the pledges’ experiences. Stories of grueling tests, moments of camaraderie, and the profound impact of brotherhood were shared alongside the manual, enriching its meaning and solidifying the bonds between generations. These “alpha phi alpha vintage” manuals, imbued with both written and spoken words, became powerful tools for transmitting the fraternity’s values and shaping the experiences of future members.

  • The Convention Songbook

    Tattered songbooks, filled with lyrics to fraternity hymns and spirituals, recalled the voices that had filled convention halls with brotherhood. Each song held a story, often passed down through oral tradition, about its origin, its meaning, and its impact on the fraternity. One particular hymn, said to have been composed during a period of intense racial strife, served as a constant reminder of the fraternity’s commitment to social justice. The act of singing these songs, year after year, reinforced the oral tradition, ensuring that the fraternity’s values and history continued to resonate with each new generation. These “alpha phi alpha vintage” songbooks became instruments of tradition, transforming melodies into messages of unity and perseverance.

  • The Graduation Stole

    Passed within the chapter, this ‘Alpha Phi Alpha Vintage’ stole symbolized the torch of academic excellence and the passing of experience to the next generation of graduates. The older members would mentor and guide the younger members through their college careers to ensure success. The stole serves as a physical representation of the culmination of that academic journey, symbolizing the transfer of knowledge and responsibility from one generation to the next. With graduation, a new cycle starts. Once the new generation is established, they must teach those who are coming up. This passing, however, cannot be seen as a simple shift. Instead, it is seen as a moment of change that creates the link between both parties.

From canes to songbooks, graduation stoles to pledge manuals, “alpha phi alpha vintage” items serve as tangible anchors for the fraternity’s rich oral traditions. They are not merely relics of the past, but active participants in shaping the present, ensuring that the stories of brotherhood, scholarship, and service continue to resonate through the generations, binding Alpha men together in a tapestry woven from shared experience and enduring ideals.

8. Evolution of Style

The passage of time leaves its indelible mark not only on the ethos and ideals of an organization but also on its outward expressions. The study of stylistic shifts within Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated, reveals a fascinating interplay between tradition and adaptation, a constant negotiation between preserving the core values and embracing the currents of change. The artifacts deemed “alpha phi alpha vintage” offer tangible evidence of this evolutionary process, providing a glimpse into the aesthetic sensibilities of different eras.

  • Line Jackets as Microcosms of Change

    Consider the evolution of the line jacket, a ubiquitous symbol of fraternity membership. Early examples, often crafted from simple materials and adorned with understated lettering, reflected a pragmatic approach born of necessity and limited resources. As the fraternity grew and prospered, line jackets became more elaborate, incorporating bold colors, intricate embroidery, and personalized designs. These changes mirrored broader shifts in fashion trends, cultural attitudes, and the economic realities of different eras, transforming the line jacket into a microcosm of the fraternity’s evolving identity. They can also show how the various chapters interact with one another throughout the country.

  • The Shifting Landscape of Ritual Attire

    Ritual attire, steeped in tradition and symbolism, might seem resistant to change. Yet, even these garments have undergone subtle but significant transformations over time. The cut of a robe, the style of a stole, or the design of a ceremonial pin can reflect evolving interpretations of ritual practices and the shifting emphasis placed on different aspects of the fraternity’s values. Examining these changes offers insight into the ongoing process of interpreting and reinterpreting tradition, ensuring its relevance in a changing world. One example can be the changes in regalia for founders day.

  • Publications as Reflections of Intellectual Trends

    The Sphinx, the fraternity’s official magazine, serves as a valuable barometer of intellectual and social trends within the organization. Early editions, characterized by formal prose and a focus on academic achievement, reflected the fraternity’s commitment to intellectual uplift. Later editions, embracing more contemporary styles and addressing a wider range of social issues, mirrored the fraternity’s growing engagement with the broader world. Analyzing these publications offers a fascinating glimpse into the evolving intellectual landscape of the fraternity, revealing the changing priorities and concerns of its members.

  • The Architectural Evolution of Chapter Houses

    The architectural style of chapter houses also offers clues. Early chapter houses, often rented or borrowed spaces, served primarily as functional meeting places. As the fraternity grew, purpose-built chapter houses emerged, reflecting the organization’s increasing prominence and financial stability. The architectural styles, ranging from traditional brick buildings to modern, contemporary designs, mirrored broader trends in architectural design and reflected the changing aspirations of the fraternity’s members. The “alpha phi alpha vintage” architecture of the houses can also be traced to what type of community is being served.

These facets of stylistic evolution, as evidenced in “alpha phi alpha vintage” artifacts, reveal a fraternity that is both deeply rooted in tradition and constantly adapting to change. By examining these stylistic shifts, one can gain a deeper appreciation for the dynamic interplay between the past and the present, understanding how the fraternity has maintained its core values while remaining relevant and responsive to the evolving needs of its members and the broader community.

Frequently Asked Questions About “Alpha Phi Alpha Vintage”

Navigating the realm of historically significant objects tied to Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated, can present a series of questions. This section endeavors to address common inquiries, shedding light on the nuances and intricacies involved in understanding and appreciating these artifacts.

Question 1: What exactly constitutes an item as “alpha phi alpha vintage?”

The categorization extends beyond mere age. While an item must be from a past era, its connection to the fraternity is paramount. A line jacket from 1920 undeniably qualifies. A modern pen, however, simply because it is old, does not, unless provenance links it directly to a significant fraternity event or member.

Question 2: Why is there so much emphasis on proper preservation of alpha phi alpha vintage items?

Imagine a photograph, capturing a historic march for civil rights, slowly fading into oblivion. Irreplaceable history vanishes with it. Preservation ensures that future generations can connect with these tangible reminders of the fraternity’s legacy, learning from its triumphs and struggles.

Question 3: How does one determine the authenticity of an alleged “alpha phi alpha vintage” item?

The marketplace, unfortunately, contains reproductions and outright forgeries. Establishing authenticity requires meticulous research, consulting fraternity archives, comparing markings and materials to known examples, and, when possible, seeking the opinion of experienced appraisers or historians specializing in fraternity memorabilia. Caution is paramount.

Question 4: Is it ethical to profit from the sale of “alpha phi alpha vintage” items?

The question elicits varied responses. Some argue that these items are part of a shared heritage and should be donated to the fraternity’s archives. Others believe that private ownership is acceptable, provided the items are treated with respect and care. Selling for excessive profit, however, can be viewed as exploiting the fraternity’s legacy.

Question 5: What resources are available for individuals seeking to learn more about “alpha phi alpha vintage?”

The fraternity’s national archives, located at its headquarters, serve as a primary source. Additionally, many local chapters maintain historical collections. Academic libraries, particularly those with strong African American studies departments, may also hold relevant materials. Online forums dedicated to fraternity memorabilia can provide valuable insights, though information should be verified.

Question 6: How do cultural shifts impact the interpretation and appreciation of items identified as “alpha phi alpha vintage?”

Consider a banner from a convention held during the Civil Rights Movement. The message it conveys resonates differently today than it did in the racially charged atmosphere of that era. Cultural shifts provide new lenses through which to examine these artifacts, revealing previously unnoticed nuances and highlighting their enduring relevance.

The world of “alpha phi alpha vintage” is a complex one, demanding respect, diligence, and a genuine appreciation for the fraternity’s enduring legacy. By understanding the nuances outlined in these FAQs, individuals can engage with these artifacts in a meaningful and responsible manner.

The subsequent section will provide case studies of key “alpha phi alpha vintage” artifacts.

Navigating the Legacy

The pursuit of historically significant items tied to Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated, is not a mere hobby; it is an act of stewardship. It is a commitment to preserving the stories of those who came before, ensuring that their struggles and triumphs continue to inspire future generations. Approach this endeavor with reverence, diligence, and a profound respect for the fraternity’s enduring legacy.

Tip 1: Start with Education: Do not embark on a quest for “alpha phi alpha vintage” without first immersing oneself in the fraternity’s history. Familiarize oneself with its founding principles, its significant milestones, and the contributions of its prominent members. This knowledge will provide a framework for understanding the significance of potential acquisitions, enabling one to distinguish between a genuine artifact and a mere imitation.

Tip 2: Document Everything: Meticulous record-keeping is paramount. Every “alpha phi alpha vintage” item acquired should be accompanied by detailed documentation, including its provenance (chain of ownership), its physical description, its historical significance, and any relevant research notes. This documentation not only enhances the value of the item but also contributes to the collective understanding of the fraternity’s past. Imagine the frustration of uncovering a potentially significant artifact without any information about its origins. Avoid this by documenting everything.

Tip 3: Seek Expert Advice: Navigating the market for fraternity memorabilia can be treacherous. Reproductions, forgeries, and misidentified items abound. Consult experienced appraisers, historians specializing in African American history, and knowledgeable members of the fraternity. Their expertise can help one avoid costly mistakes and ensure the authenticity of potential acquisitions. Verify the experts are truly experts.

Tip 4: Prioritize Preservation: Acquisition is only the first step. Proper preservation is essential to ensure the longevity of “alpha phi alpha vintage” items. Store documents in acid-free folders, protect photographs from light and moisture, and handle fragile objects with care. Neglecting preservation can undo years of history.

Tip 5: Share Your Discoveries: The value of “alpha phi alpha vintage” lies not only in its preservation but also in its accessibility. Share discoveries with the fraternity’s archives, contribute to scholarly research, and consider donating items to museums or educational institutions. By making these artifacts accessible to the broader community, one ensures that the fraternity’s legacy continues to inspire and inform. Do not keep it to yourself. A legacy is meant to be shared.

Tip 6: Be Wary of Sentimental Value Over Historical Value: While a personal connection to an item can enhance its appeal, it is essential to distinguish between sentimental value and historical significance. A tattered photograph of a beloved grandfather may hold immense personal meaning, but it may not necessarily qualify as a significant artifact of the fraternity’s history. Maintain objectivity when assessing the true worth of potential acquisitions.

Tip 7: Invest in Ethical Practices: Be mindful of the ethical implications of acquiring “alpha phi alpha vintage” items. Avoid purchasing items from questionable sources, such as estate sales where the provenance is unclear. Support reputable dealers and auction houses that adhere to ethical standards. The pursuit of history should not come at the expense of integrity.

The careful navigation of “alpha phi alpha vintage” allows the conservation of physical representations for future audiences. The shared wisdom ensures that the tapestry of the fraternity’s history continues to inspire and guide. The next section will bring the article to a close.

Alpha Phi Alpha Vintage

This exploration has traversed the terrain of “alpha phi alpha vintage,” examining its multifaceted dimensions: historical significance, fraternity legacy, collectibility, material culture, symbolic value, rarity, the weight of oral traditions, and the evolution of style. Each facet has revealed how these items, often dismissed as relics of the past, serve as vital conduits to the fraternity’s rich and enduring narrative. They stand as testaments to the enduring power of brotherhood, scholarship, and service.

The journey now culminates, leaving an invitation: that each reader recognizes the profound value inherent in these artifacts, approaching them with reverence and a commitment to preserving their stories for generations yet unborn. The fading photograph, the worn gavel, the tattered songbookeach whispers of a legacy that must be diligently protected and thoughtfully shared, ensuring that the ideals of Alpha Phi Alpha continue to resonate across the corridors of time.