An aftermarket forced induction system designed to significantly enhance the power output of a 6.1-liter HEMI engine. These systems typically include a turbocharger, intercooler, supporting fuel system upgrades, and necessary hardware for installation. As an example, installing one of these systems on a Chrysler 300C can dramatically increase its horsepower and torque figures.
The implementation of such a system allows for a more efficient combustion process by forcing more air into the engine cylinders. This results in increased horsepower, improved torque, and potentially better fuel economy under certain driving conditions. Historically, enthusiasts have sought methods to amplify the capabilities of the 6.1L HEMI, and turbocharging has proven to be a potent solution.
The subsequent sections will delve into the specific components involved, the potential performance gains achievable, considerations for installation, and crucial factors in selecting a suitable forced induction solution. The focus will remain on providing objective information relevant to understanding and evaluating these performance upgrades.
1. Boost Pressure
Within the realm of forced induction for the 6.1L HEMI, boost pressure stands as a pivotal factor, dictating the degree to which engine performance is enhanced. It is the very breath that fills the lungs of the modified engine, transforming its potential energy into palpable thrust.
-
Threshold of Reliability
Every engine, including the 6.1L HEMI, possesses an inherent limit to the amount of pressure it can safely withstand. Exceeding this threshold, even momentarily, invites catastrophic failure. Cracked pistons, bent connecting rods, and damaged bearings are all potential consequences of excessive boost. Therefore, prudent tuning and monitoring are essential to maintain engine integrity.
-
Turbocharger Selection
The chosen turbocharger directly influences the boost pressure attainable. Smaller turbos spool quickly, delivering early boost, while larger units require higher engine speeds to reach peak pressure. The selection should align with intended usage; a daily driver may benefit from a responsive, smaller turbo, while a dedicated track car could leverage a larger unit for maximum power at higher RPMs.
-
Fuel Delivery Demands
Increased air mass necessitates a corresponding increase in fuel delivery. Insufficient fuel supply under high boost conditions can lead to a lean air-fuel mixture, promoting detonation an uncontrolled combustion process that rapidly destroys engine components. Upgraded fuel injectors and fuel pumps are typically prerequisites for sustained, elevated boost levels.
-
Intercooler Effectiveness
As air is compressed by the turbocharger, its temperature rises significantly. This heated air is less dense, reducing its oxygen content and negating some of the benefits of forced induction. An efficient intercooler cools the compressed air, increasing its density and allowing for higher boost pressures without inducing detonation. The intercooler’s ability to manage heat is directly proportional to the engine’s safe boost ceiling.
Boost pressure, therefore, is not merely a number to be chased, but a delicate balance. It is the point where potential meets constraint, demanding respect for the engine’s limitations and a comprehensive understanding of the supporting systems. When properly managed within the context of a 6.1L HEMI turbo application, the rewards in terms of power and performance can be significant. However, reckless pursuit of higher boost without due consideration for these facets invites certain mechanical grief.
2. Intercooler Efficiency
Within the intricate dance of a forced induction system for the 6.1L HEMI, the intercooler emerges as a critical character. Its efficiency, or lack thereof, dictates not only the power attainable but also the longevity of the engine itself. This component stands as a silent guardian, protecting the engine from the fiery consequences of excessive heat.
-
Knock Mitigation
The forced induction system compresses air, and in doing so, generates heat. Hot air is less dense and prone to detonation, an uncontrolled combustion event detrimental to engine health. An intercooler’s primary role is to mitigate this risk by cooling the intake charge, thus suppressing knock. A high-efficiency intercooler, effectively lowering intake air temperatures, allows for increased boost pressure and more aggressive timing without risking engine damage. The lower the temperature, the denser the air, the more power available.
-
Power Sustainability
On the dyno, a vehicle with a subpar intercooler may produce impressive peak horsepower numbers. However, after a few consecutive runs, heat soak sets in. The intercooler’s ability to dissipate heat diminishes, resulting in progressively lower power output with each subsequent run. A highly efficient intercooler sustains power levels by maintaining consistent intake air temperatures, even under sustained periods of demanding driving. It’s not just about peak numbers, but consistent performance.
-
Core Design Matters
The design of the intercooler core, whether it’s a bar-and-plate or tube-and-fin configuration, directly impacts its efficiency. Bar-and-plate designs, generally more robust, offer superior heat transfer capabilities compared to their tube-and-fin counterparts. The core’s density, fin count, and overall surface area determine its ability to extract heat from the intake air. The best design is a perfect balance of airflow and cooling.
-
Placement and Airflow
The positioning of the intercooler within the vehicle’s chassis is also critical. Front-mounted intercoolers (FMICs) typically offer superior cooling compared to top-mounted or side-mounted configurations, as they benefit from unobstructed airflow. However, FMICs can increase turbo lag due to the increased piping length. Careful consideration must be given to the intercooler’s placement to ensure adequate airflow and minimize any adverse effects on turbocharger response. Bad placement means inefficiency.
In the pursuit of maximizing the potential of a 6.1L HEMI with forced induction, the intercooler cannot be an afterthought. Its efficiency is intrinsically linked to the engine’s power output, reliability, and sustained performance capabilities. Neglecting this crucial component in the system can unravel the entire project, leaving behind a compromised machine and a trail of mechanical woes.
3. Fuel Injector Capacity
In the transformation of a naturally aspirated 6.1L HEMI into a forced induction powerhouse, fuel injector capacity becomes more than just a specification; it becomes the lifeline sustaining the engine’s augmented thirst for power. The original injectors, designed for the engine’s stock airflow, face an insurmountable challenge when tasked with fueling a turbocharger’s forced influx of air. To ignore this is to court disaster, risking catastrophic engine failure from a lean fuel condition.
-
The Stoichiometric Precipice
Every engine operates most efficiently within a narrow air-fuel ratio. This balance, known as the stoichiometric point, dictates the ideal mixture for complete combustion. Introducing a turbocharger dramatically alters the airflow, demanding a corresponding increase in fuel. If the injectors cannot deliver the necessary volume, the engine leans out, temperatures skyrocket, and detonation looms. A cracked piston becomes the grim reward for insufficient injector capacity.
-
Dynamic Flow Rate
Injectors are rated by their flow rate, measured in pounds per hour (lb/hr) or cubic centimeters per minute (cc/min). Selecting the proper injector size requires careful calculation, considering the desired horsepower, the engine’s brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and the maximum acceptable duty cycle. An injector operating at 100% duty cycle has no reserve capacity, increasing the risk of fuel starvation under peak demand. Over-sizing, however, can lead to poor idle quality and drivability. Finding the sweet spot is crucial.
-
Pulse Width Modulation
The engine control unit (ECU) regulates fuel delivery by varying the pulse width, the duration for which the injector remains open. At low engine speeds and light loads, the pulse width is narrow, delivering a small amount of fuel. Under boost, the ECU commands a wider pulse width, demanding more fuel to match the increased airflow. If the injectors are already operating near their maximum capacity, the ECU has no further control, and the engine starves. Precision control is lost, and danger increases.
-
Upgrading the Supply Chain
Simply swapping injectors may not suffice. The entire fuel delivery system must be capable of supporting the increased demands. A higher-flowing fuel pump, larger fuel lines, and a fuel pressure regulator may be necessary to ensure consistent fuel pressure and volume to the injectors. A weak link in the chain can negate the benefits of larger injectors, creating a false sense of security. Comprehensive upgrades provide robust fueling capabilities.
The selection of fuel injectors in a 6.1L HEMI turbo application is not a mere parts swap; it’s an orchestration. It requires a deep understanding of engine dynamics, fuel system components, and the delicate balance between power and reliability. A properly sized and supported fuel system ensures the engine receives the fuel it demands, unlocking the turbocharger’s potential without sacrificing its longevity.
4. ECU Calibration
The tale of a 6.1L HEMI transformed by a turbocharger is not solely a story of mechanical prowess, but equally one of intricate electronic management. The engine control unit (ECU), the brain of the operation, dictates the complex dance of fuel delivery, ignition timing, and other critical parameters. Adding a forced induction system fundamentally alters the engine’s operating characteristics, rendering the factory ECU calibration wholly inadequate. Without a precisely tailored calibration, the potential benefits of the turbocharger are squandered, and the engine risks catastrophic failure. Picture a symphony orchestra where the conductor is absent; the individual musicians may possess talent, but the resulting sound is discordant and chaotic. The ECU calibration is the conductor, harmonizing the various engine components to produce a symphony of power.
Consider a scenario where a 6.1L HEMI receives a turbocharger without a corresponding ECU recalibration. The increased airflow from the turbocharger causes the engine to run lean, triggering detonation and potentially melting pistons. Conversely, an overly rich mixture, while safer, leads to reduced power, poor fuel economy, and fouled spark plugs. The ideal calibration requires meticulously mapping the engine’s performance across various load and RPM ranges, adjusting fuel and timing to optimize both power and safety. This process often involves dyno tuning, where the engine’s output is measured and the calibration iteratively refined. The calibration adapts to the new parameters and constraints.
Ultimately, ECU calibration is the keystone of a successful 6.1L HEMI turbo kit installation. It is the bridge between the mechanical enhancements and the engine’s operational safety and performance. While a shiny new turbocharger may capture the eye, it is the often-unseen ECU calibration that truly unlocks the engine’s potential. The absence of a proper calibration is akin to building a magnificent castle on a foundation of sand; impressive in appearance but doomed to collapse under its own weight.
5. Turbocharger Size
The heart of any 6.1 HEMI turbo kit, the turbocharger itself, presents a critical decision point: size. Its dimensions are not arbitrary; they dictate the engine’s ultimate character, shaping its power delivery and defining its operational range. Choosing the incorrect unit is akin to fitting the wrong heart into a body; the mismatch yields a system that is either strained or simply incapable of performing its intended function.
Consider two scenarios. In one, a smaller turbocharger is paired with the 6.1L HEMI. It spools quickly, generating boost at relatively low engine speeds, providing immediate throttle response and a surge of torque. This setup is well-suited for street applications, where responsiveness and drivability are paramount. The engine feels eager and powerful in everyday driving situations. However, as engine speed increases, the small turbo reaches its flow limit, choking the engine’s high-end potential. The power curve flattens, and the engine runs out of breath at higher RPMs. A real-world parallel can be drawn to a heavy-duty pickup truck; while strong at low speeds for hauling, its top-end speed is limited compared to a sports car.
Conversely, a larger turbocharger presents a different dynamic. Its larger impeller and housing require more exhaust gas energy to spin, resulting in slower spool-up and noticeable turbo lag. Low-end throttle response suffers, and the engine feels sluggish at lower RPMs. However, once the turbo reaches its operating range, the engine unleashes a torrent of power. The larger turbo can flow significantly more air at high engine speeds, allowing the engine to breathe freely and generate substantial horsepower. This configuration is more suitable for racing or high-performance applications, where peak power is the primary objective. The analogy here would be to a top fuel dragster; initial acceleration is slow, but it quickly builds to massive power.
6. Exhaust Manifold Design
The implementation of a turbocharging system on a 6.1L HEMI engine introduces a pivotal shift in the role of the exhaust manifold. No longer merely a conduit for spent gases, it transforms into a crucial component influencing turbocharger spool-up, exhaust flow efficiency, and ultimately, the overall performance characteristics of the forced induction system. The design choices made here are not cosmetic; they are fundamental to the engine’s ability to generate power effectively.
-
Flow Dynamics and Turbo Response
The exhaust manifold’s internal geometry directly impacts the velocity and volume of exhaust gases reaching the turbine wheel. A poorly designed manifold can create excessive backpressure, hindering turbocharger spool-up and reducing overall efficiency. Conversely, a well-engineered manifold with smooth, equal-length runners promotes efficient exhaust scavenging, enabling the turbocharger to reach its optimal operating speed more rapidly. Think of it as a river; a wide, shallow river flows slowly, while a narrow, deep channel allows for faster current. The manifold must efficiently direct exhaust energy to the turbo. For instance, shorty headers might fit easily, but tubular headers will perform better.
-
Material Selection and Thermal Management
The extreme temperatures generated within the exhaust manifold necessitate careful material selection. Cast iron manifolds, while durable and cost-effective, are heavy and retain heat, potentially contributing to higher intake air temperatures. Stainless steel manifolds offer improved heat dissipation and reduced weight, but are more prone to cracking under thermal stress if not properly designed and constructed. Inconel is the top choice for thermal resilience with significant cost implications. This decision must be carefully considered, balancing the need for durability with the desire to minimize heat soak and improve overall engine performance.
-
Pulse Separation and Turbine Efficiency
Some high-performance exhaust manifold designs incorporate pulse separation techniques, which aim to prevent exhaust pulses from interfering with each other before reaching the turbine wheel. By isolating individual cylinder exhaust pulses, these designs can improve turbocharger spool-up and increase turbine efficiency. This concept is often implemented through the use of divided turbine housings and twin-scroll turbochargers. For example, a divided T4 flange would separate the exhaust flow from each bank of the engine into separate scrolls within the turbocharger, which improves turbo response at lower engine speeds.
-
Mounting Configuration and Space Constraints
The physical dimensions and mounting configuration of the exhaust manifold must be carefully considered to ensure proper fitment within the engine bay. The tight confines of many engine compartments can limit the available space for aftermarket manifolds, necessitating compromises in design. Additionally, the manifold must be properly supported to prevent cracking or fatigue due to vibration and thermal stress. A poorly designed or improperly installed manifold can lead to exhaust leaks, reduced performance, and potential damage to other engine components. Careful planning is essential.
In essence, the exhaust manifold in a turbocharged 6.1L HEMI is far more than a mere plumbing component. It is an integral part of the forced induction system, influencing turbocharger performance, engine efficiency, and overall reliability. Thoughtful design and careful material selection are paramount to maximizing the benefits of the turbocharger and ensuring the engine’s long-term durability. The pursuit of increased horsepower is often won or lost in the details of the exhaust manifold’s construction.
7. Engine Internals Strength
The story of forced induction is often told in terms of boost pressure and horsepower figures. However, beneath the surface, a silent drama unfolds within the engine itself, a tale of resilience and potential vulnerability. The strength of the engine’s internal componentspistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, and bearingsbecomes paramount when a 6.1L HEMI is subjected to the increased stresses imposed by a turbocharging system. These components, originally designed for naturally aspirated operation, now face a new reality, one where their inherent limitations can quickly become a point of failure. Therefore, understanding and addressing the engine’s internal fortitude is not merely a matter of optimization, but a fundamental prerequisite for a successful and reliable turbo build.
-
Piston Integrity Under Increased Cylinder Pressure
Under forced induction, the cylinder pressures within the 6.1L HEMI can skyrocket. The factory cast pistons, while adequate for stock power levels, may struggle to withstand the increased stresses. Sustained high boost levels can lead to piston cracking, ring land failure, or even catastrophic piston disintegration. Upgrading to forged pistons, manufactured from stronger alloys and featuring more robust designs, provides a significant increase in durability and resistance to detonation. As an analogy, consider the difference between a standard ceramic plate and a forged steel shield; the latter is far better equipped to withstand a direct impact.
-
Connecting Rod Resilience and RPM Limits
Connecting rods, the critical link between the pistons and the crankshaft, are subjected to immense tensile and compressive forces during each engine cycle. The factory connecting rods, often a weak point in high-performance builds, can bend, stretch, or even break under the increased loads imposed by a turbocharger. Upgrading to forged connecting rods, typically manufactured from high-strength steel alloys like 4340 chromoly, provides a substantial increase in strength and fatigue resistance, allowing for higher RPM limits and greater overall reliability. These forged rods act as resilient springs, absorbing the forces and preventing catastrophic failure. A helpful visualization is to compare a thin metal wire to a thick steel cable; the latter offers far greater strength and resistance to breakage.
-
Crankshaft Durability and Torsional Stress
The crankshaft, the engine’s backbone, converts the linear motion of the pistons into rotational power. Under forced induction, the crankshaft is subjected to increased torsional stress, which can lead to cracking or failure, particularly in the presence of harmonics or imbalances. Upgrading to a forged crankshaft, typically manufactured from a high-strength steel billet, provides increased durability and resistance to torsional stress. A forged crankshaft offers improved grain structure and material properties, allowing it to withstand the increased loads imposed by the turbocharger. As an example, consider the difference between a cast iron pipe and a solid steel bar; the latter exhibits far greater resistance to bending and twisting.
-
Bearing Capacity and Lubrication Demands
Engine bearings, the critical interface between moving parts, are responsible for maintaining a lubricating film and preventing metal-to-metal contact. Under forced induction, the increased cylinder pressures and RPMs place greater demands on the bearings, potentially leading to accelerated wear, scoring, or even bearing failure. Upgrading to high-performance bearings, often featuring improved materials and coatings, can provide increased load capacity and improved lubrication characteristics. Additionally, ensuring adequate oil pressure and flow is crucial for maintaining a healthy lubricating film. An inadequate lubrication system will inevitably lead to premature bearing failure, regardless of the bearing’s quality. Think of bearings as the suspension system of the engine.
In conclusion, the strength of the engine’s internal components forms the foundation upon which a successful 6.1L HEMI turbo build is constructed. While the allure of increased horsepower is undeniable, neglecting the engine’s internal fortitude is a recipe for disaster. Upgrading critical components like pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, and bearings provides a margin of safety, enabling the engine to withstand the increased stresses imposed by the turbocharger. The story of a turbocharged 6.1L HEMI is not just about power; it is about engineering a harmonious balance between performance and reliability, ensuring that the engine can withstand the demands of forced induction for years to come.
Frequently Asked Questions
The realm of forced induction presents a labyrinth of choices and considerations. These frequently asked questions serve as a compass, guiding through the crucial decisions when contemplating a turbocharger for the 6.1L HEMI.
Question 1: Is a standalone ECU necessary when installing a turbo kit?
Not necessarily, but highly recommended for optimal performance and safety. The factory ECU can often be tuned to accommodate moderate boost levels. However, its limited processing power and adjustability can restrict the engine’s potential and increase the risk of detonation. A standalone ECU offers far greater control over fuel delivery, ignition timing, and other critical parameters, allowing for precise optimization and enhanced engine protection. It’s analogous to performing surgery with a scalpel versus a butter knife; the scalpel allows for far greater precision.
Question 2: What is the expected lifespan of a turbocharged 6.1L HEMI?
Longevity hinges on meticulous planning, component selection, and tuning. A properly built and maintained turbo engine can exhibit a lifespan comparable to a naturally aspirated counterpart. However, shortcuts in component quality or inadequate tuning will inevitably shorten its operational life. Regular maintenance, including frequent oil changes and careful monitoring of engine parameters, is essential for preserving the engine’s health. Think of it as a finely crafted watch; regular servicing ensures its continued accuracy.
Question 3: Will a turbocharger significantly reduce fuel economy?
Fuel consumption is directly proportional to power output. Under light throttle conditions, where the turbocharger is not actively boosting, fuel economy may remain similar to stock. However, when utilizing the added power, fuel consumption will inevitably increase. Aggressive driving habits will exacerbate this effect. Consider it akin to climbing a hill; more effort is required, resulting in greater energy expenditure.
Question 4: What type of intercooler is best suited for a 6.1L HEMI turbo application?
The optimal intercooler depends on the intended use and available space. Front-mounted intercoolers (FMICs) generally offer superior cooling compared to top-mounted or side-mounted configurations, due to their unobstructed airflow. However, FMICs can increase turbo lag due to increased piping length. Air-to-water intercoolers offer excellent cooling efficiency in a compact package but require a dedicated cooling system. The selection process must prioritize both cooling capacity and minimal impact on turbocharger response.
Question 5: How much boost can the stock 6.1L HEMI internals handle?
The factory internals are generally considered safe up to approximately 6-8 PSI of boost, provided that the engine is properly tuned and maintained. Exceeding this level without upgrading critical components like pistons and connecting rods significantly increases the risk of engine failure. It’s a gamble with potentially dire consequences. Many have taken that chance, and only some survive.
Question 6: Can a turbo kit be installed by a novice mechanic?
Installation complexity varies depending on the specific kit, but generally, turbocharger installations are not recommended for novice mechanics. It requires a thorough understanding of engine mechanics, fuel systems, and electrical wiring. Mistakes can be costly, potentially leading to severe engine damage. Professional installation by a qualified technician is strongly advised to ensure proper fitment, functionality, and safety.
Careful planning and execution are paramount for a successful turbocharging endeavor. Approaching the project with diligence and respect will yield an enhanced experience.
The subsequent section will transition into a cost-benefit analysis of installing a turbo system.
TIPS
The pursuit of augmented horsepower often leads to the siren song of forced induction. However, the path to a reliable, high-performing 6.1L HEMI turbo build is fraught with potential pitfalls. Before embarking on this journey, heed these hard-earned lessons, forged in the crucible of countless builds and breakdowns.
Tip 1: Prioritize Fueling Over Brute Force. Many focus solely on turbo size and boost pressure, neglecting the crucial aspect of fuel delivery. A lean-running engine is a ticking time bomb. Invest in appropriately sized fuel injectors, a high-flow fuel pump, and ensure adequate fuel pressure. A wideband oxygen sensor is an indispensable tool for monitoring air-fuel ratios and preventing catastrophic engine damage. The story of Icarus, who flew too close to the sun, serves as a potent reminder of the dangers of ignoring limits.
Tip 2: Cooling is King. The heat generated by a turbocharger is a formidable enemy. An efficient intercooler is paramount for maintaining consistent power output and preventing detonation. Consider an air-to-water intercooler for its superior cooling capabilities in a compact package. Supplement this with an oil cooler to manage engine oil temperatures and prolong the life of vital components. Like a marathon runner who hydrates regularly, a turbocharged engine requires diligent heat management to endure the rigors of increased performance.
Tip 3: Listen to the Engine’s Whisper. A properly tuned engine communicates its condition through subtle cues. Monitor engine parameters such as oil pressure, coolant temperature, and exhaust gas temperature. A slight deviation from the norm can be an early warning sign of a developing problem. Embrace preventative maintenance and address potential issues before they escalate into major failures. Like a skilled physician who detects subtle symptoms, a vigilant owner can diagnose and treat problems before they become critical.
Tip 4: Tuning is an Art, Not a Guessing Game. Resist the temptation to rely on generic “canned” tunes. Every engine is unique, and a custom tune tailored to the specific components and operating conditions is essential for optimal performance and reliability. Enlist the expertise of a qualified tuner with experience in forced induction HEMI engines. Dyno tuning provides invaluable data for refining the calibration and maximizing the engine’s potential. The intricate brushstrokes of a master artist are required to reveal the full potential of a turbocharged engine.
Tip 5: Understand the Limits of the Stock Internals. While the 6.1L HEMI is a robust engine, its factory internals have limitations. Pushing beyond a certain boost level without upgrading critical components like pistons and connecting rods is a gamble with potentially dire consequences. Consider upgrading to forged internals for increased durability and peace of mind, especially if aiming for significant power gains. Like a seasoned climber who chooses the right ropes and gear, investing in upgraded internals provides a crucial safety net.
Tip 6: Boost Creep is Real. Boost creep is the phenomenon of boost pressure exceeding the target level, often due to inadequate wastegate capacity. This uncontrolled boost can lead to engine damage. Ensure that the wastegate is properly sized and functioning correctly to regulate boost pressure and prevent dangerous overboost situations. Like a dam that controls the flow of water, a properly sized wastegate is essential for managing the flow of exhaust gases and preventing uncontrolled boost.
Careful planning and execution are paramount. By prioritizing fuel delivery, cooling, and proper tuning, along with respecting the limits of the engine’s internals, enthusiasts can unlock the full potential of their turbocharged 6.1L HEMI while ensuring its long-term reliability. The path to augmented horsepower is not a sprint, but a marathon, demanding patience, diligence, and a deep respect for the forces at play.
The subsequent sections will transition into common myths surrounding 6.1 HEMI Turbo Kit.
The Final Verdict on the Forced Induction Ascent
The comprehensive examination of the “6.1 hemi turbo kit” reveals it as a transformative upgrade, not a mere bolt-on. Fuel management, intercooler efficiency, robust internal components, and precise ECU calibration emerge as pillars upon which a reliable and potent forced induction system rests. Ignoring these critical aspects invites mechanical calamity, turning the dream of increased horsepower into a costly nightmare. The narrative unfolds as one of careful engineering, where each component works in concert to harness the power of forced air.
Thus, the decision to embark on the forced induction journey should not be taken lightly. It demands a commitment to meticulous planning, unwavering attention to detail, and a willingness to invest in quality components. The rewards, however, are undeniable: a 6.1L HEMI transformed into a true performance machine, capable of delivering exhilarating power and unmatched driving experience. The engine’s true potential gets unlocked. Whether the goal is dominating the drag strip or commanding the open road, the implementation of a well-executed turbo system offers an unparalleled enhancement. The key takeaway is that it’s more than just adding parts, it’s about engineering a symphony of power and reliability.
